8-16. A 20-ft long
tube is fixed at both ends. The cross-sectional area of this tube is shown in
the figure. If the modulus of elasticity follows .
Determine the distribution of the critical axial buckling load. If the axial
load acting on the column folllows
, determine the
probability of failure. Assume that E and P are independent and
Euler’s formula is available. (Ans.
,
)